31

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Ernst Mayr Library

of the Museum of

Comparative Zoology

I '

GENERIC COMPOSITION OF THE FAMILY VIVIPARIDAE
(Gastropoda Pectinibranchia Viviparifonnes)

by

Ya. I. Starobogatov
in

Transactions of the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences
USSR, 1985, Volime 135, pp. 26-32, Figs. 1-18

Rodovoi sostav semeistva Viviparidae
(Gastropoda Pectinibranchia Vivipariformes)

Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademya Nauk, SSSR
1985, Volume 135, pp. 26-32, Figs. 1-18

Edited and Annotated
by
Kenneth J, Boss

Special Occasional Publication

No. 10

published by the

Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoology

Harvard University

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

1992

GENERIC COMPOSITION OF THE FAMILY VIVIPARIDAE
(Gastropoda Pectinibranchia Vivipariformes) *

by Ya. I. Starobogatov

The cosmopolitan freshwater molluscan family Viviparidae is
usually considered to be widespread on all of the continents
(except South America) and is known from paleontological studies
to be from the Carboniferous period. In the last century the
majority of Recent and extinct species of the family were
attributed to the genera Viviparus or Paludina . Later, the
living species, mainly Asian and African, were classified in a
considerable number of genera (for a listing of these taxa and
their distribution, see Starobogatov, 1970) . Even several North
American species were assigned to separate genera in the past.
During the third decade of this century the division of the
family into three subfamilies, Lioplacinae (= Campelominae) ,
Viviparinae, and Bellamy inae, took place. Within this division,
the majority of the genera of the family fall into the last
subfamily - it includes all of the genera which are widespread in
the east and south of Asia and in Africa; three genera from North
America are in the subfamily Lioplacinae; and there are four from

* Translated through the auspices of the Smithsonian
Institution's Behind-the-Scenes-Volunteer Program and with the
cooperation of Dr. Robert Hershler, Division of Mollusks,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, DC 20560.

Europe and North America in the subfamily Viviparinae, while one
of these genera (Scalez) is attributed to the viviparids with
uncertainty. Until now the majority of the extinct forms from
Europe and North America was included not only in the subfamily
Viviparinae, but also, obviously, by tradition, in the genus
Viviparus (see, for example, Wenz, 1928, 1938-1944; Franz, 1932).
It was recently demonstrated (Sitnikova and Starobogatov, 1982)
that the anatomical differences of representatives of these three
subfamilies are so great that one is compelled to give to each of
them the rank of an independent family; the family Bellamyidae is
higher in the superfamily and more flourishing while the
Viviparidae and Lioplacidae are sufficiently archaic in
morphological features and obviously ancient. It was also made
clear that both latter families possess such a set of archaic and
progressive features that it may be concluded that their common
ancestor cannot be attributed to either one or the other, but
both undoubtedly belong to the superfamily Viviparoidea. This
hypothetical progenitor like the Lioplacidae but in contrast to
the Viviparidae particularly, did not have an ejaculatory
chamber. Similarly, like the Viviparidae, but unlike the
Lioplacidae, it did not have a prostate gland; the operculum like
Lioplax but differing from the rest of the Viviparoidea, had a
spiral nucleus - it was possibly even completely spiral; whereas
the shell, like that of several Viviparidae, but in contrast to
the Lioplacidae, was trochoidal in shape.

The considerable age of the family Viviparidae (here in the
modern, more narrow sense) confirms that the diversity of extinct
forms still exceeds that of contemporary forms by a good deal.
This compels us to give a new survey of the generic composition
of the family, taking into consideration both the extinct and
modern-day forms. We do not make it our task to give here
diagnoses of all the genera of the family, especially as many of
them are well-known, but only to survey selected genera and
subgenera, with an indication of their geographic and
stratigraphic distribution, as well as with a basic synonymy and
information regarding the type-species. We exclude from this
survey only the genus Scalez Hanna and Gaylord, 1924, which on
the basis of the presence of a calcified operculum we ascribe to
the family Bithyniidae (Order Littoriniformes) . Undoubtedly,
this same superfamily Bithynioidea is related though it is not
clear which of the families to the lower Carboniferous freshwater
mollusk Bernicia praecursor Cox; evidence for this conclusion is
based on its very small shell (height approximately 3 mm with 3.5
- 4 whorls) , which is extremely similar to the shell of several
amnicolids.

Information about the "viviparids" of Europe, which were
discovered in deposits from the Carboniferous period through the
lower Cretaceous (inclusive) , is currently insufficient for
generic, and even at times for familial evaluation. In
particular, Viviparus carbonarius Garw. , described from the lower

Carboniferous deposits of England, has a fairly small (up to 14
mm high) thin-walled form, which may be attributed in equal
measure to both the superfamily Viviparoidea and to the
superfamily Bithynioidea. It is more similar to the specimens of
V. langtonensis (Hudlest.) from the Jurassic deposits of England;
however it is now premature to consider even its systematic
position. Other Jurassic species, like V. scoticus Tate from the
Hebrides Islands and V. aurelianus (Cossm. ) from France, more
likely than all the others, do not belong to this superfamily.
The former species is more plausibly considered to be a
representative of the Valvatidae, and the latter, most likely, is
related to the family Lymnaeidae, even to the genus Lymnaea . The
lower Cretaceous V. f luviorum Mantel is very similar to V.
carbonarius . and similarly may also be attributed to either the
Viviparoidea and to the Bithynioidea. Finally, the upper
Cretaceous V. novemcostatus (Math.) and related forms, such as V.
cincmlatus (Math.), V. subcingulatus (Sandb.), V. mazeli (Roule) ,
and V. f ilicinctus Franz, in our view, judging by the features of
the shape of the shell (on which we will briefly touch at the end
of the article) belong to the family Lioplacidae in a special
genus . •

Scalipaludina Starobogatov gen. n.

(type-species Paludina novemcostata Matheron, 1842-'- - Fig. 1)

Diagnosis. Shell tall (so that [the ratio of] the width of the

last whorl above the aperture consists of ,65 - .75 parts of the

height from the aperture to the apex) , subscalar with strongly
protuberant whorls that have spiral ribs; the latter number 2 to
3 on the whorls of the spire, with the highest of these standing
out the most, and number 9 to 11 on the body whorl. The aperture
is of the narrow slit type.
Upper Cretaceous France and FRG [Federal Republic of Germany] .

We first encounter authentic specimens of the Viviparidae
only in upper Cretaceous deposits, although it is possible the
family arose earlier. We take up the following genera of the
membership of the family Viviparidae.

Paluditrochus Cossmann, 192 1^
(type-species Paludina trochiformis Meek and Hayden,

18573 _ pig^ 2)
Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene of North America. Species from the
Triassic and Jurassic of North America are also included in this
genus, but their generic membership is in need of more precise
definition.

Tulotomops Wenz, 1939
(type-species Tulotoma thompsoni White, 1875"^ - Fig. 3)
Upper Cretaceous USA (states of Utah and Colorado) .

Trochopaludina Starobogatov gen. n.

(type-species Phasianella angulosa Sowerby, 1818^ - Fig. 4)

Diagnosis. A trochoidal or more highly conical shell with flat

whorls, which are separated by shallow sutures and with rounded
corners on the periphery of the body whorl; the sculpturing is of
spiral lines (about 7 on the penultimate whorl, that is, above
the peripheral corner) .
Eocene to Oligocene of England and France.

Viviparoides Starobogatov gen. n.
(type-species Helicites viviparoides Schlotheiiti, 1820 - Fig. 6)
Diagnosis. Shell from highly conical to turbinate, with
moderately prominent whorls, sometimes shoulder sutured;
sculpturing of thin spiral ribs (approximately 6 on the
penultimate whorl) , but sometimes not noticeable; umbilicus slit-
shaped, aperture roundly quadrate.
Eocene to Miocene FRG [Federal Republic of Germany] and France.

Viviparus Montfort, 1810
(type-species Helix vivipara Linnaeus, 1758^ - Fig. 7)
Synonymy :

Paludina Ferussac, 1812 (type-species Helix vivipara
Linnaeus, 1758^) .

Vivipara Sowerby, 1813 (type-species Helix vivipara
Linnaeus, 1758^) .

Paludinum Jurine, 1817 (type-species Helix vivipara
Linnaeus, 1758^) .

Henterum Hiibner in Menke, 1848 (nom. subst. pro Paludina
(type-species Helix vivipara Linnaeus, 1758^°) .

Gallandiana Bourguignat, 1880 (type-species Paludina
mamillata Kiister, 1852 = Paludina atra Christophori and Jan,
183211) ^

Acerosiana Bourguignat, 1880 (type-species Vivipara acerosa
Bourguignat, 1862 = Paludina atra Christophori and Jan, 18 3 2^2) .

Fasciatiana Bourguignat, 1880 (type-species Nerita fasciata
Miiller, 1774 = Helix vivipara Linnaeus, 17581-^) .

Duboisiana Bourguignat, 1880 (type-species Paludina
duboisiana Mousson, 1863 = Helix vivipara Linnaeus, 1758 or an
inland form of this species^^) .

Sphaeridiana Bourguignat, 1880 (type-species Vivipara
sphaeridia Bourguignat, 1880 = Paludina atra Christophori and
Jan, 183215) ^

Subgenus Viviparus s. str.
Miocene FRG [Federal Republic of Germany] and France, Pliocene
southern half of Europe; present - Europe (except the north) ,
east and south Black Sea coast.

Subgenus Balcanipaludina Starobogatov subgen. n.
(type-species Paludina hellenica Clessin, 1879 - Fig. 8)
Diagnosis. Shell (in contrast to the nominate subgenus) always
with strongly compressed or completely flat whorls and straight
or nearly straight tangential lines (that is, touching the
outside points of contour of all whorls with one of the sides of
the shell) .

Pliocene of southern Europe; Recent in western Balkan peninsula.

Subgenus Protulotoma Annandale, 1924^^
(type-species Paludina dezmaniana Brusina, 1874 - Fig. 9)
Pliocene Danube-area countries.

Galizqia Michailowski, 1903^^
(type-species Vivipara veberi Michailowski, 1903 - Fig. 10)
Synonymy :

Suchumica Seninski, 1905 (type-species Suchumica gracilis
Seninski, 1905^^ = Vivipara weberi Michailowski, 1903).

Subgenus Galizqia s. str.
Pliocene eastern Black Sea coast.

Subgenus Palaeotaia Annandale, 1924
(type-species Paludina vukotinovici Frauenfeld, 1864-'-^ - Fig. 11)
Pliocene Danube-area countries.

Subgenus Semipaludina Starobogatov subgen. n.
(type-species Paludina ventricosa Sandberger, 1875 - Fig. 5)
Diagnosis. Turbiniform with very weakly protuberant whorls and
fairly clear-cut, though roundly angled on the periphery of each
whorl, while this angle is smoothed out as a measure of the
growth of the whorls; if the lower side of each whorl presses
against the previous one, the angulation is not noticeable; the

sculpture consists of the thinnest spiral lines.
Pliocene France.

Euxinomaraarva Akhvledianai, 1957
(type-species Vivipara ^^ mandarinica Seninski, 1905 - Fig. 12)
Synonymy :

Carinia Lorenthey, 1906^^ non Kieffer, 1905 (type-species
Vivipara rothi Lorenthey, 19 OS^-'-) .
Pliocene of eastern Black Sea coast and Hungary.

Syriomarqarva Starobogatov gen. n.
(type-species Vivipara syriaca Pallary, 1939^^ - Fig. 13)
Diagnosis. Shell turreted with three spiral knobby carinae on
the periphery of the whorls; on the last whorl two more sub-basal
and four to five basal carinae are added; the umbilicus is
closed, the mouth has a rounded parietal-palatal angulation.
Pliocene of eastern Greece and Rhodes island (s) , Pleistocene
Syria.

Sculptopaludina Starobogatov gen. n.
(type-species Viviparus clairi Schlickum and Puissegur,

1977 - Fig. 14)
Diagnosis. Shell turbinate with a sharp apex, which is formed by
the narrow first whorls; there are up to three sharp spiral
carinae on the periphery of the whorls; the surface of the shell
between them is compressed or concave.

Pliocene to Pleistocene of France and Italy.

Contectiana Bourguignat, 1880
(type-species Cyclostoma contectum Millet, 1813 - Fig. 15)
Synonomy :

Lacustriana Bourguignat, 1880 (type-species Vivipara
lacustris Beck, 1846 = Cyclostoma contectum Millet, 1813) .
Pliocene Europe; Recent - all Europe and southwestern Siberia (up
to the Ob river bed in the East) .

Tulotoma Haldeman, 1840
(type-species Paludina maqnif ica Conrad, 1834 - Fig. 16)
Recent Coosa River Basin (upper part of the Alabama River basin,
U.S.A.) .

Leapaludina Starobogatov gen. n.
(type-species Paludina georgiana Lea, 1834 - Fig. 17)
Diagnosis. Shell conical or highly conical, relatively small for
a representative of the family, with moderately and uniformly
protuberant whorls which are divided by fairly deep sutures;
these same sutures divide the whorls of even the embryonic shell;
the periphery of the last whorl is rounded; the sculpturing
consists only of lines of growth and unclear spiral lines; the
tangent-line of the shell is nearly straight; the aperture has a
clearly expressed parietal-palatal angulation.
Cretaceous to Recent eastern U.S.A. and southern Canada.

10

Callinina Thiele, 1931

(type-species Paludina intertexta Say, 1829 - Fig. IS^-^)
Synonymy :

Callina Hannibal, 1912 non Lowe, 1855 (type-species Paludina
intertexta Say, 1829) .
Recent eastern U.S.A.

In the course of the evolutionary development of the family
Viviparidae the following transformations of the form of the
shell may be revealed. One change is the gradual transformation
of the shell from the initial trochoidal form into the
"paludinal" shape characteristic of the modern-day viviparids.
While this occurs the three principle spiral ribs are gradually
smoothed out (especially the two upper ones) and from these
remain only the spiral lines, covered with periostracal small
spikes on the embryonic shell. Even the peripheral carina
separating the compressed basal surface smooths out as well, the
basal surface meanwhile becoming rounded. All of these changes
may be traced along the morphological lines Paluditrochus ^-
Trochopaludina - Viviparoides and (the shorter line)
Paluditrochus ^ - Leapaludina . It is difficult to discuss the
reason for this transformation, but it is possible that it lies
in the transition from life in oligotrophic lakes to life in the
currents of rivers, which was characteristic of many freshwater
groups during the period from the middle Cretaceous to the early
Palaeogene. The second transformation is the increase in the
prominence of the whorls and the further thinning of the walls of

11

the shell. This transformation is traced along the lines
Viviparus ( Balcanipaludina ) - Viviparus ( Viviparus ) -
Sculptopaludina - Contectiana and Leapaludina - Callinina . It is
likely that even this transformation can be connected with the
concurrent change to this tendency: the species of Viviparus are
fluvial and in significant measure rheophylic forms; the more
hard-walled species from the genus Contectiana such as C. turrita
(Kob.) or C. fennica (Kob.)f are already characteristic of lakes,
while the thin-walled species, like C. contecta (Millet) or the
well-known C. listeri (Forbes and Hanley) (= Viviparus contectus
auct. non Millet) , are characteristic of the smaller continual
reservoir type of pond. The third transformation, the new
reinforcement of two spiral carinae (the highest ones - under the
suture and periphery) with the formation of a compressed or
concave section between them, by now is characteristic of only
the Pliocene viviparids of the Pannonia Basin and connected parts
of the hydrographic system of southeast Europe. This
transformation is expressed by the lines Viviparus
( Balcanipaludina ) - V. ( Protulotoma ) . The strengthening of only
the most peripheral carina found striking expression in the shell
of Galizgia . The fourth transformation, again coming
independently to the European and American genera, was the
appearance of bumps on the carinae. This can be traced along the
lines Paluditrochus ^ - Tulotomops - Tulotoma and with the bounds
of the subgenus Protulotoma of the genus Viviparus . One should
note that the characteristic sculpturing of Syriomargarya cannot

12

be drawn directly from the sculpturing of the representatives of
the subgenus Protulotoma . and these groups, contrary to coitunon
opinion, are not directly related to one another. It is more
plausible to take this genus from the Euxinomarqarya . which is
closer in the shape of the shell and in the number and
sculpturing of the formation of the carinae. It was
characteristic that the formation of the bumps on the carinae
evolved in the European and American forms on a slightly
different basis, and, undoubtedly, at a different time. At this
time it is difficult to say which ecological causes brought about
the last two transformations.

This survey allows one to compare the principle tendencies
of change of the shells of the Viviparidae and Lioplacidae, which
may help in the evaluation of the systematic position of extinct
forms. If, as was said above, the basic direction of evolution
of the Viviparidae is from a trochoidal shell to the "paludinal, "
the compression of the upper two spiral ribs and then of even the
peripheral carina, and after this to the increased protuberance
of the whorls, then the Lioplacidae shell (also, probably, from
the trochoidal) became highly conical and oval-conical, retaining
the subsutural rib in the earliest stages (and of the shoulder
above it, or, at least, of only the shoulder) and retaining the
early disappearance of the peripheral carina. In the future the
whorls of the shell may become more pronounced, and all spiral
sculpturing elements may disappear. These observations compel us
to ascribe the genus Scalipaludina to the family Lioplacidae.

13

LITERATURE

Burch, J. B. 1982. Freshwater snails (Mollusca Gastropoda) of
North America. Cincinnati, 294 pp.

Franz, V. 1932. Viviparus . Morphometrie, Phylogenie und
Geographie der europaischen fossilen und rezenten Paludinen.
Denkschr if ten der Mediz inisch-Naturwissenschaftlen
Gesellschaft zu Jena, 18.(1): 1-160.

Pallary, P. 1939. Deuxieme addition a la faune malacologique de
la Syrie. Memoires de I'Institut d'Egypte, 39: 1-141.

Schlickum, W. R. and J. J. Puissegur. 1977 [cover date 1976].
Die Molluskenfauna des Altpleistozans von St. Bernard
(Department Cote-d'Or). Archiv fiir Molluskenkunde,
107(4/6): 273-283.

Seninski, K. 1905. New findings on the Neocene stratum of the
south-western Transcaucasus. Proceedings in the natural
sciences of the Tartu Institute, ^6: 1-80.

Sitnikova, T. Y. and Ya. I. Starobogatov. 1982. Size and
systematic status of the group Architaenioglossa (Gastropoda
Pectinibranchia) . Zoological Journal, 63.(6): 831-842.

14

Starobogatov, Ya. I. 1970. Fauna of mollusks and zoo-geographic
rezoning of continental basins of the globe. Leningrad,
Science, 372 pp.

Wenz, W. 1928. Gastropoda extramarina tertiaria 8. Fossiliuin
Catalogus I. Animalia, pt. 38, Berlin, pp. 2231-2502.

Wenz, W. 1938-1944. Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In:
Handbuch der Palaozoologie herausg. v. 0. H. Schindewolf,
Vol. 6 Gastropoda, Pt. 1, Berlin, 1639 + XII pp.

15

EDITORIAL FOOTNOTES

^This is an error; the original binomen is Cyclostoma
noveincostata ; the correct date is 1832 (see Matheron, 1832; and
Sherborn, 1922-1933: 4426); consulting the illustration and
description given by Oppenheim (1895: 328, pi. 16, figs. 26-28),
one would judge that the line-cut drawing by Starobogatov
scarcely represents the type-species.

^The correct spelling is Paludotrochus ; the type-species was by
original designation (see Cossmann, 1921: 185).

^The correct date is 1856 (see Ruhoff, 1980: 75).

^The correct date is 1876 (see White, 1876: 104, 134) ; the type-
species was by original designation (see Wenz, 1939: 491).

^The correct date is 1817 (see Sherborn, 1922-1933: 322); Wenz
(1928: 2288) also gave the date 1818.

^The correct type-species is, by original designation (Montfort,
1810: 246-7) Viviparus fluviorum Montfort 1810 [= Helix vivipara
Linnaeus 1758] .

^Although Ferussac (1812: 253) attributed the name Paludina to
Lamarck, he himself is the author; he listed three species by

16

name; the type-species was given as P. vivipara (= Helix vivipara
Linnaeus 1758) by Children (1823: 245); see also Kennard,
Salisbury and Woodward (1931: 23).

^ Vivipara J. Sowerby 1813 can be considered an error for or
emendation for Viviparus Montfort 1810 and therefore doesn't have
its own type-species, besides Sowerby (1813: 77) did not list H.
vivipara Linnaeus 1758 by name.

^Jurine (1817: 34) simply listed four names under this spelling,
the first being P. viviparum ; thus, the generic name appears to
be a modification in the spelling of Paludina Ferussac 1812 and
it can be considered as an emendation not needing its own type-
species.

^^ Henterum (Hiibner ms) was not described but is a name proposed
as a synonym of Paludina (Menke 1848: 56) and therefore not in
need of its own type-species.

■'■^ Gallandiana has as its type-species Vivipara qallandi
Bourguignat 188 by virtual tautonomy and Starobogatov ' s
subsequent designation of mamillata is unncessary.

-*-^ Acerosiana has as its type-species Vivipara acerosa Bourguignat
1862 by virtual tautonomy.

17

•^•^ Fasciatiana has as its type-species, by virtual tautonomy,
Nerita fasciata Miiller 1774, which Bourguignat (1880: 36) listed
as Vivipara fasciata.

•^^ Duboisiana has as its type-species, by virtual tautonomy,
Paludina duboisiana Mousson 1862 which Bourguignat (1880: 43)
listed in Vivipara and gave the incorrect date of 1863 for
Mousson.

^^Bourguignat (1880: 46) appears to have spelled this nomen
Sphoeridiana despite its type-species by virtual tautonomy,
Vivipara sphaeridia Bourguignat 188 0. All the Bourguignat names
listed above have been over-looked until now.

^^Annandale (1924: 64) gave as the type-species, by original
designation T. dezmanniana ( sic ) [= Vivipara dezmaniana Brusina
1874].

■^^An alternate spelling is Mikhailovski and the date on the cover
of the serial in which the paper appeared is 1902 (see citation
in bibliography under Mikhailovski (1902) .

^^Seninski (1905: 51 and 52) listed two species in his Suchumica
and Korobkov (1955: 167) noted gracilis as genotype, here
interpreted as type-species by subsequent designation; Seninski
himself says that his name is the same as Galizqia which he

18 •

misspelled as Galisgia .

^^The correct type-species is Melania hellespontica Calvert and
Neumayr 1880 by original designation of Annandale (1924: 73);
Starobogatov (1970) did not treat this nomen in the Viviparidae.

20

Akhvledianai (1957: 453) misspelled this as Viripara .

^^The date of Lorenthey's publication is questionable; some
authors (Neave, 1939: 587; Wenz, 1939: 490) concur with
Starobogatov and use 1906; the date on the title page is 1911, so
cited by Prashad (1928) .

22The original binomen of the type-species is Viviparus syriacus ;
Tchernov (1973: 40; 1975: 14-15, pi. 1, fig. 3) indicated that
this name is a synonym of Viviparus apameae Blanckenhorn 1897.

^^Thiele (1931: 747) introduced this as a new name for Callina
Hannibal 1912, non Lowe 1855 (see Boss and Bieler, 1991: 19).
The type species for Callina Hannibal 1912, non Lowe 1855 was
given by original designation, as Paludina intertexta Say 1829
(Hannibal 1912: 19 3) and thus the same for Thiele's replacement
name.

19

BIBLIOGRAPHY TO EDITORIAL FOOTNOTES

Akhvlediani, E. G. 1957. O f ilogeneticheskykh svyazyakh mezhdu
nekotorymi bryukhonogimi kimmeriiskogo i kyuyal 'nitskogo
yarusov. [On the phylogenetic relations between some
gastropods of Kimmerian and Kuyal'nitz stages].
Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR [Coininunications
of the Academy of Sciences of Georgian SSR], Tbilisi, 19 ;
451-458, 2 pis.

Annandale, N. 1924. The evolution of the shell-sculpture in
freshwater snails of the family Viviparidae. Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London (B) , 96: 60-76, 6 text-figs.

Boss, K. J. and R. Bieler. 1991. Johannes Thiele and his
contributions to zoology. Part 2. Genus-group names
(Mollusca) . Nemouria, Occasional Papers of the Delaware
Museum of Natural History, Number 38, 77 pp.

Bourguignat, M. J. R. 1880 (May) . Recensement des Vivipara du
Systeme Europeen. Paris: J. Trembley, 52 pp.

Children, J. G. 1823. Lamarck's genera of shells translated
from the French by J. G. Children, F.R.S. ... with plates
from original drawings by Miss Anna Children. [original not
seen; for a collation and discussion of this work, see

20

Kennard, Salisbury and Woodward (1931)].

Cossmann, Alexandre Edouard Maurice. 1921. Essais de
Paleoconchologie comparee. Paris, Chex I'auteur, Douzieme
livraison, 348 pp., 6 pis. + leaflets A-0.

Ferussac, Daudebard de [J. B. L. d'Audebard]. 1812. Notice sur
les terreins d'eau douce observes en divers lieux et sur les
fossiles terrestres et fluviatiles. Annales du Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 19: 242-256.

Hannibal, H. 1912. A synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary
freshwater mollusca of the Calif ornian Province, based upon
ontogenetic classification. Proceedings of the
Malacological Society of London, 10: 112-211.

Jurine, L. 1817. Verzeichnis der Weichthiere (Mollusques) ,
welche zu und urn Genf zu Land und zu Wasser gefunden werden.
Helvetischer Almanach, 1817 : 34-37.

Kennard, A. S., A. E. Salisbury and B. B. Woodward. 1931. The
types of Lamarck's genera of shells as selected by J. G.
Children in 1823. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
82(17): 1-40.

Korobkov, I. A. 1955. Spravochnik i methodicheskoe rukovodstvo

21

po tretichnym mollyuskam : Bryukhonogie. [Reference book and
methodical manual on Tertiary mollusks: Gastropoda].
Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Isdatel'stvo
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[original not seen] .

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Sammler. Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, 5: 33-73.

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distribution, evolution and palaeogeography. Memoirs of the
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Tchernov, E. 1975. The Early Pleistocene Molluscs of " Erq el-
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Figs. 1-18. Type-species of genus Seal ipaludina (1)
from' the family Lioplacidae and genera and subgenera of
the family Viviparidae (2-18).

Figs. 1, 3, 5, 6 - reconstructions; Figs. 1, J^'^^ 9' J _> "
after Franz. 1932; 2, 3 - after Wenz, \SZ8-\3kk- ]Q. IZ -
after Seninski, 1905; 13 - after Pallary, 1939; 1'^ "^^^^^^
Schlickum and Puissegur, 1977; 18 - after Burch, 19a2;
7, 8, 15-17-original . Scale lines on all drawings - 2 mm.

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